:root {
      --bg: #f6f6f7;
      --bg-alt: #ffffff;
      --accent: #A31F34; /* MIT red */
      --accent-soft: rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.12);
      --accent-strong-soft: rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.20);
      --text-main: #1f2226;
      --text-muted: #5b6068;
      --border-soft: #dde0e6;
      --shadow-soft: 0 10px 26px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.12);
      --shadow-nav: 0 10px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
      --font-sans: "Inter", system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,
        "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
      --font-display: "Playfair Display", "Times New Roman", serif;
      --max-width: 1040px;
      --radius-card: 10px;
      --radius-btn: 8px;
      --transition-fast: 160ms ease-out;
      --transition: 220ms ease;
    }

    * { box-sizing: border-box; }
    html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }

    body {
      margin: 0;
      font-family: var(--font-sans);
      color: var(--text-main);
      background:
        radial-gradient(circle at top, #fce9ec 0%, #f6f6f7 40%, #ffffff 100%);
      line-height: 1.6;
      -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    }

    a {
      color: var(--accent);
      text-decoration: none;
    }

    /* subtle animated underline for links in main content */
    main a {
      position: relative;
      text-decoration: none;
      transition: color 140ms ease-out;
    }

    main a::after {
      content: "";
      position: absolute;
      left: 0;
      bottom: -2px;
      width: 0;
      height: 1px;
      background: var(--accent);
      transition: width 180ms ease-out;
    }

    main a:hover::after {
      width: 100%;
    }

    section { scroll-margin-top: 110px; }

    /* --- HEADER: C2 tiling, diamond on left --- */

    header {
      position: fixed;
      top: 0; left: 0; right: 0;
      z-index: 1000;
      box-shadow: var(--shadow-nav);
      border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
      backdrop-filter: blur(18px);
      background-color: #f8f8fa;
      overflow: hidden;

      background-image:
        linear-gradient(
          270deg,
          rgba(252, 243, 245, 0.96) 0%,
          rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.94) 55%,
          rgba(248, 246, 247, 0.99) 100%
        ),
        linear-gradient(to right, rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.55) 1px, transparent 1px),
        linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.55) 1px, transparent 1px),
        linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.45) 1px, transparent 1px),
        linear-gradient(-45deg, rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.45) 1px, transparent 1px);
      background-size:
        auto,
        24px 24px,
        24px 24px,
        24px 24px,
        24px 24px;
      background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat, repeat, repeat, repeat;
    }

    header::after {
      content: "";
      position: absolute;
      left: 1%;
      top: 50%;
      width: 170px;
      height: 170px;
      transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
      border: 2px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.8);
      box-shadow:
        0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8),
        0 0 30px rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.55);
      pointer-events: none;
      mix-blend-mode: multiply;
      opacity: 0.95;
    }

    .nav-container {
      max-width: var(--max-width);
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0.75rem 1.6rem;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 1.5rem;
      color: #272b30;
      position: relative;
      z-index: 1;
    }

    .nav-brand {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: baseline;
      gap: 0.55rem;
      padding: 0.35rem 0.9rem;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92);
      backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
      border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .nav-name {
      font-family: var(--font-display);
      font-weight: 600;
      font-size: 1.3rem;
      letter-spacing: 0.08em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .nav-title {
      font-size: 0.86rem;
      color: #6c6f76;
    }

    nav {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .nav-links {
      position: relative;
      display: flex;
      gap: 0.3rem;
      font-size: 0.9rem;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 0.18rem;
      border-radius: 10px;
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92);
      border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    .nav-indicator {
      position: absolute;
      top: 2px;
      bottom: 2px;
      left: 0;
      width: 0;
      border-radius: 7px;
      background: rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.15);
      border: 1px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.55);
      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.45);
      transition:
        left 260ms cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.8, 0.25, 1),
        width 260ms cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.8, 0.25, 1),
        opacity 200ms ease-out;
      opacity: 0;
      z-index: 0;
    }

    .nav-links a {
      position: relative;
      padding: 0.45rem 0.9rem;
      border-radius: 6px;
      transition:
        color 160ms ease-out,
        transform var(--transition-fast),
        background 120ms ease-out;
      color: #3b3f45;
      font-weight: 500;
      z-index: 1;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .nav-links a:hover {
      text-decoration: none;
      transform: translateY(-0.5px);
      background: rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.06);
    }

    .nav-links a.active {
      color: #24090f;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .nav-toggle { display: none; }
    .nav-toggle-label { display: none; }

    /* --- LEFT SPINE WITH SECTION TITLES --- */

    .scroll-spine {
      position: fixed;
      left: 16px;
      top: 130px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
      z-index: 900;
      font-size: 0.68rem;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.13em;
      color: #6b6f76;
    }

    .scroll-spine a {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 0.16rem 0.4rem 0.16rem 0;
      border-radius: 999px;
      cursor: pointer;
      color: inherit;
      text-decoration: none;
      transition:
        color 160ms ease-out,
        background 160ms ease-out,
        transform 160ms ease-out;
    }

    .scroll-spine a::before {
      content: "";
      display: inline-block;
      width: 6px;
      height: 6px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      border: 1px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.45);
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95);
      margin-right: 0.4rem;
      transition:
        background 160ms ease-out,
        border-color 160ms ease-out,
        transform 160ms ease-out;
    }

    .scroll-spine a:hover {
      transform: translateX(2px);
      color: #3a1017;
    }

    .scroll-spine a.active {
      color: #A31F34;
      font-weight: 500;
      transform: translateX(3px);
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    }

    .scroll-spine a.active::before {
      background: #A31F34;
      border-color: #A31F34;
      transform: scale(1.15);
    }

    /* --- MAIN LAYOUT --- */

    main {
      max-width: var(--max-width);
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 5.9rem 1.6rem 3.4rem;
    }

    section { margin-bottom: 3rem; }

    .card {
      background: var(--bg-alt);
      border-radius: var(--radius-card);
      padding: 1.8rem 1.7rem;
      box-shadow: var(--shadow-soft);
      border: 1px solid var(--border-soft);
      position: relative;
      overflow: hidden;
      transition:
        transform 180ms ease-out,
        box-shadow 180ms ease-out,
        border-color 180ms ease-out;
      z-index: 0;
    }

    /* left MIT-red stripe */
    .card::before {
      content: "";
      position: absolute;
      top: 0; left: 0;
      width: 4px; height: 100%;
      background: linear-gradient(180deg, #d25a66, #A31F34);
      opacity: 0.9;
      z-index: 1;
      transition: box-shadow 160ms ease-out;
    }

    .card:hover::before {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.35);
    }

    .card > * {
      position: relative;
      z-index: 2;
      margin-left: 0.4rem;
    }

    .card:hover {
      transform: translateY(-2px);
      box-shadow: 0 18px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18);
      border-color: #cfd3db;
    }

    /* full-card SVG backgrounds */
    .card-bg-svg {
      position: absolute;
      inset: 0;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      opacity: 0.05;
      pointer-events: none;
      z-index: 0;
    }

    h1, h2, h3 { margin: 0; letter-spacing: 0.01em; }

    h1 {
      font-family: var(--font-display);
      font-weight: 600;
      font-size: clamp(2.1rem, 2.8vw + 1.4rem, 2.8rem);
      margin-bottom: 0.3rem;
    }

    h2 {
      font-family: var(--font-display);
      font-size: 1.45rem;
      margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
    }

    h3 {
      font-size: 1.02rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-top: 1.1rem;
      margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
    }

    p {
      margin: 0.22rem 0 0.5rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      font-size: 0.96rem;
    }

    .hero {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 2fr) minmax(0, 1.1fr);
      gap: 1.8rem;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .hero-meta {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 0.4rem 0.7rem;
      margin-top: 0.75rem;
      font-size: 0.83rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
    }

    .hero-meta span {
      padding: 0.12rem 0.65rem;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: var(--accent-soft);
      border: 1px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.26);
    }

    /* Research focus strip */
    .hero-focus {
      display: inline-flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 0.3rem;
      margin-top: 0.55rem;
      font-size: 0.78rem;
    }

    .hero-focus-pill {
      padding: 0.12rem 0.65rem;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
      border: 1px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.35);
      color: #4a0f1a;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.12em;
      font-weight: 500;
    }

   .hero-photo {
  /* size of the box */
  width: 185px;          /* adjust if you want larger/smaller */
  height: 185px;

  /* keep your nice styling */
  border-radius: 14px;
  background: radial-gradient(circle at 0 0, #fdf2f4, #A31F34);
  border: 3px solid #ffffff;
  box-shadow: 0 22px 45px rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.65);
   margin-left: 4.2rem;
  /* IMPORTANT bits for clipping the image */
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;      /* this clips the image to the rounded box */
  padding: 0;            /* make sure there's no inner padding */
}
.hero-photo img {
  height: 100% !important;
width: 100% !important;
  max-width: none !important;
  max-height: none !important;
}


    .list-compact {
      padding-left: 1.1rem;
      margin: 0.32rem 0;
      font-size: 0.95rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
    }

    .list-compact li { margin-bottom: 0.23rem; }

    .pub-list {
      list-style: none;
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0.45rem 0 0;
      font-size: 0.95rem;
    }

    .pub-list li {
      margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
      padding-bottom: 0.55rem;
      border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(210, 214, 222, 0.9);
    }

    .pub-title { font-weight: 500; color: var(--text-main); }
    .pub-venue { font-size: 0.87rem; color: var(--text-muted); }

    .pub-year {
      font-size: 0.78rem;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.08em;
      color: var(--accent);
      margin-bottom: 0.06rem;
    }

    .tag {
      display: inline-block;
      font-size: 0.78rem;
      padding: 0.14rem 0.55rem;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: var(--accent-soft);
      margin-right: 0.25rem;
      margin-top: 0.25rem;
    }

    /* status badges for preprints/publications/awards */
    .status-badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 0.25rem;
      font-size: 0.74rem;
      padding: 0.12rem 0.5rem;
      border-radius: 999px;
      border: 1px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.5);
      background: rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.06);
      color: #4a0f1a;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.12em;
    }

    .status-badge::before {
      content: "";
      width: 6px;
      height: 6px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: #A31F34;
    }

    .cv-link {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 0.4rem;
      font-size: 0.92rem;
      padding: 0.48rem 1.05rem;
      border-radius: var(--radius-btn);
      border: 1px solid var(--border-soft);
      background: var(--bg-alt);
      margin-top: 0.45rem;
      transition:
        background var(--transition),
        box-shadow var(--transition),
        transform var(--transition),
        border-color var(--transition);
    }

    .cv-link:hover {
      text-decoration: none;
      background: var(--accent-strong-soft);
      box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18);
      border-color: #c6cbd3;
      transform: translateY(-1px);
    }

    .contact-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.4fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
      gap: 1.5rem;
      font-size: 0.93rem;
    }

    .contact-item { margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }

    .contact-label {
      font-size: 0.8rem;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.12em;
      color: var(--text-muted);
    }

    /* --- SECTION DIVIDERS WITH GLASS LABELS --- */

    .section-divider {
      position: relative;
      margin: 3.1rem 0 2rem;
      height: 1px;
      background: linear-gradient(
        90deg,
        rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.35),
        rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.15),
        rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.35)
      );
    }

    .section-divider span {
      position: absolute;
      top: -0.85rem;
      left: 0.4rem;
      border: 1px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.55);
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);
      backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
      padding: 0.25rem 0.7rem 0.2rem 0.7rem;
      font-size: 0.78rem;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.13em;
      color: #5a0f18;
      border-radius: 6px;
      box-shadow:
        0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13),
        inset 0 0 4px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.45);
    }

    /* --- Misc hobby chips --- */

    .hobby-chips {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 0.4rem;
      margin-top: 0.6rem;
      margin-bottom: 1.1rem;
    }

    .hobby-chip {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 0.35rem;
      padding: 0.2rem 0.6rem;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
      border: 1px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.18);
      font-size: 0.83rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      backdrop-filter: blur(5px);
      cursor: pointer;
      user-select: none;
      transition:
        background 160ms ease-out,
        border-color 160ms ease-out,
        transform 160ms ease-out;
    }

    .hobby-chip svg {
      width: 14px;
      height: 14px;
      stroke: #A31F34;
      stroke-width: 1.4;
      fill: none;
    }

    .hobby-chip:hover {
      transform: translateY(-1px);
    }

    .hobby-chip-active {
      border-color: rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.6);
      background: rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.08);
      color: #4a0f1a;
    }

    /* --- Peek carousel with arrows + lightbox --- */

    .carousel-peek {
      position: relative;
      margin-top: 0.6rem;
      border-radius: 10px;
      overflow: hidden;
      border: 1px solid rgba(163, 31, 52, 0.12);
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);
      backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
      box-shadow: 0 10px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
      padding: 0.6rem 0;
    }

    .carousel-peek-track-wrapper {
      overflow: hidden;
      padding: 0 3rem;
      scroll-behavior: smooth;
    }

    .carousel-peek-track {
      display: flex;
      gap: 0.9rem;
    }

    .carousel-peek-item {
      flex: 0 0 80%;
      border-radius: 10px;
      overflow: hidden;
      background: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.18);
      transform: scale(0.94);
      opacity: 0.6;
      transition:
        transform 300ms ease,
        opacity 300ms ease,
        box-shadow 300ms ease;
    }

    .carousel-peek-item img {
      display: block;
      width: 100%;
      height: 190px;
      object-fit: cover;
      cursor: zoom-in;
    }

    .carousel-peek-item figcaption {
      font-size: 0.85rem;
      padding: 0.4rem 0.75rem 0.6rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      background: linear-gradient(
        to top,
        rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95),
        rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75),
        transparent
      );
    }

    .carousel-peek-item.active {
      transform: scale(1.02);
      opacity: 1;
    }

    .carousel-peek-arrow {
      position: absolute;
      top: 50%;
      transform: translateY(-50%);
      width: 30px;
      height: 30px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      border: none;
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.96);
      box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      cursor: pointer;
      z-index: 3;
      font-size: 18px;
      color: #A31F34;
    }

    .carousel-peek-arrow:hover {
      background: #ffffff;
    }

    .carousel-peek-arrow.prev { left: 0.6rem; }
    .carousel-peek-arrow.next { right: 0.6rem; }

    /* Lightbox overlay */

    .lightbox-overlay {
      position: fixed;
      inset: 0;
      background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.88);
      display: none;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      z-index: 9999;
    }

    .lightbox-overlay.open {
      display: flex;
    }

    .lightbox-content {
      max-width: 90vw;
      max-height: 90vh;
      position: relative;
    }

    .lightbox-content img {
      display: block;
      max-width: 100%;
      max-height: 100%;
      border-radius: 8px;
      box-shadow: 0 18px 48px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65);
      cursor: zoom-out;
    }

    .lightbox-close {
      position: absolute;
      top: -12px;
      right: -12px;
      width: 32px;
      height: 32px;
      background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
      color: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 999px;
      border: none;
      cursor: pointer;
      font-size: 18px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    footer {
      max-width: var(--max-width);
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0 1.6rem 2.3rem;
      font-size: 0.8rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      text-align: center;
    }

    @media (max-width: 1000px) {
      .hero { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
      .hero-photo { justify-self: flex-start; margin-top: 0.8rem; }
      .contact-grid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
      .nav-title { display: none; }

      .nav-links {
        position: absolute;
        top: 100%; right: 0; left: 0;
        margin-top: 0.3rem;
        background: rgba(248, 248, 250, 0.98);
        padding: 0.55rem 1.4rem 0.8rem;
        border-radius: 0;
        border-top: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
        border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 0.1rem;
        transform-origin: top;
        transform: scaleY(0);
        opacity: 0;
        pointer-events: none;
        box-shadow: var(--shadow-nav);
      }

      .nav-links a { padding: 0.45rem 0.2rem; border-radius: 4px; }
      .nav-indicator { display: none; }

      .nav-toggle-label {
        display: inline-flex;
        cursor: pointer;
        padding: 0.3rem 0.4rem;
        border-radius: 8px;
        border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
        background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.96);
      }

      .nav-toggle-label span {
        display: block;
        width: 18px;
        height: 2px;
        margin: 3px 0;
        background: #383c42;
        border-radius: 999px;
        transition:
          transform var(--transition-fast),
          opacity var(--transition-fast);
      }

      .nav-container { padding-block: 0.6rem; }

      .nav-toggle:checked ~ nav .nav-links {
        transform: scaleY(1);
        opacity: 1;
        pointer-events: auto;
      }

      .nav-toggle:checked + .nav-toggle-label span:nth-child(1) {
        transform: translateY(5px) rotate(45deg);
      }

      .nav-toggle:checked + .nav-toggle-label span:nth-child(2) {
        opacity: 0;
      }

      .nav-toggle:checked + .nav-toggle-label span:nth-child(3) {
        transform: translateY(-5px) rotate(-45deg);
      }

      .card-bg-svg {
        opacity: 0.08;
      }

      .carousel-peek-track-wrapper {
        padding: 0 2.2rem;
      }

      .carousel-peek-item img {
        height: 160px;
      }

      .scroll-spine {
        display: none;
      }
    }