accessibility Genus 1 CM Curves Over The Rationals

There are precisely 13 non-isomorphic genus 1 curves over the rationals that have complex multiplication (see, e.g., Silverman's book "Advanced Topics in the Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves", p. 483). These are the only curves over Q whose Jacobians have non-trivial endomorphism rings in genus 1, and thus conjectured to be the only curves whose L-polynomial distributions do not converge to that implied by the Haar measure on USp(2)=SU(2). This is equivalent to the Sato-Tate conjecture, recently proven by Harris, Barron, and Taylor in "A family of Calabi-Yau varieties and potential automorphy", preprint, 2006.

The distributions of the L-polynomial data for these 13 exceptional curves all conform to a similar pattern (but none are identical). For primes that are inert in the CM-field (i.e. the discriminant is not a quadratic residue mod p), the coefficient a1 of Lp(T) is zero. This leads to a central spike in the histogram with area ~1/2. For primes that split, the scaled L-polynomial has conjugate roots ei&theta and e-i&theta with &theta (apparently) uniformly distributed over [0,&pi]. This corresponds to the Haar measure on SO(2), which may be viewed as a subgroup of SU(2).

Genus 1 CM Curves

  y2 + y = x3;     a1:    s2:    s3: ;     Discriminant -3
  y2 = x3 - 15x + 22;     a1:    s2:    s3: ;     Discriminant -3
  y2 + y = x3 - 30x + 63;     a1:    s2:    s3: ;     Discriminant -3
  y2 = x3 + x;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -4
  y2 = x3 - 11x + 14;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -4
  y2 + xy = x3 - x2 - 2x - 1;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -7
  y2 = x3 - 595x + 5586;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -7
  y2 = x3 + 4x2 + 2x;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -8
  y2 + y = x3 - x2 - 7x + 10;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -11
  y2 + y = x3 - 38x + 90;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -19
  y2 + y = x3 - 860x + 9707;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -43
  y2 + y = x3 - 7370x + 243528;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -67
  y2 + y = x3 + 2174420x2 + 1234136692;     a1:    s2:    s3:      Discriminant -163